| Although teens are at greater risk of injury or death in | | | | (including prescription and over-the-counter drugs) |
| motor vehicle collisions than nearly every other age | | | | Teens also often neglect to wear their seat belts, |
| group no matter what part of the country they're in, | | | | increasing the risk of serious injury or death in a crash. |
| where teens live can also have an impact on their risk, | | | | An observational study by the Utah Department of |
| according to separate studies conducted by Allstate | | | | Health found that the teen seat belt use rate falls |
| Insurance Company and Reader's Digest. Motor | | | | when other high-risk factors are present, such as |
| vehicle crashes are the number one killer of American | | | | when teens drive under the influence of alcohol, drive |
| teens, and each year, according to the National | | | | at night, have multiple teen passengers, or are driving |
| Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), more | | | | without a driver's license. |
| than 5,000 people aged 16-20 are killed in passenger | | | | The risk factors listed above, including seat belt |
| vehicle crashes. | | | | requirements, are addressed by GDL laws in many |
| The Allstate study used federal crash statistics, | | | | states. GDL laws set standards that underage drivers |
| company claims data on teen motor vehicle crashes, | | | | must meet before proceeding from one stage of |
| and statistics from the US Census Bureau to list the | | | | licensure to the next. In the 1980s, 90% of high schools |
| ten most dangerous cities from the 50 largest | | | | taught driver's education; in 2009, only 20% do. This |
| metropolitan areas in the United States. The results | | | | means that teens get the majority of their driver |
| revealed that the most risky cities for teens are | | | | education from their parents and are subject only to |
| located in the South, with the top three in Florida. Of | | | | state requirements when becoming licensed, making |
| the top 50 cities in the country for teen fatality | | | | GDL laws of ever-increasing importance in lowering |
| crashes, Tampa/St. Petersburg/Clearwater, Orlando | | | | teen crash rates. |
| Kissimmee, and Jacksonville rank number one, two and | | | | While a national model for GDL laws has existed since |
| three, respectively. | | | | the mid-1990s, no state follows all of the requirements. |
| The Reader's Digest study uses a different | | | | To show the disparities among states, The National |
| classification method, ranking all 50 states based on | | | | Safety Commission (TNSC) analyzed the GDL laws in |
| existing Graduated Driver Licensing (GDL), safety belt, | | | | four states: California, Florida, Mississippi, and North |
| and Driving Under the Influence (DUI) laws. The report | | | | Dakota. The study showed that: |
| listed Alaska, California and Delaware as the top three, | | | | - In California, the minimum age for a learner's permit is |
| and North Dakota, Mississippi and Arkansas as three | | | | 15 years, six months; in Florida and Mississippi, the |
| of the worst. Florida is categorized as "Fair," the | | | | minimum age is 15. The minimum age in North Dakota |
| next-to-lowest ranking. Interestingly, California cities also | | | | is 14. |
| scored high in the Allstate study: Numbers one, two | | | | - While California and Florida each require 50 hours of |
| and four were San Francisco/Oakland, San Jose, and | | | | practice driving with a parent or guardian in the |
| Los Angeles. | | | | learner's permit stage, 10 hours of which must be at |
| Factors that contribute to teen motor vehicle crashes | | | | night, neither Mississippi nor North Dakota require |
| include: | | | | parental certification of any driving practice hours. |
| - Speeding/driving too fast for conditions | | | | - North Dakota does not have any passenger or |
| - Driver distraction, including cell phone use and dealing | | | | nighttime restrictions, and Florida and Mississippi have |
| with passengers | | | | only nighttime restrictions. California's passenger |
| - Inexperience | | | | restriction is that for the first 12 months, the restricted |
| - Driving at night | | | | driver may have no passengers younger than 20, with |
| - Driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs | | | | limited exceptions for immediate family. |